The Biochar Blog

Creating real carbon credits comes from the concept of supplementarity within the Kyoto Protocol. Supplementarity means that internal abatement of emissions should take precedence before a country purchases carbon credits. It establishes that countries should develop real, measureable, permanent emissions reductions. There are steps involved in deciding whether or not carbon credits are legitimate. This means making sure that the process through which the carbon credits are submitted are in fact real, measurable, and permanent emissions.

Creating real carbon credits involves the concept of additionality. This refers to a term used by Kyoto’s Clean Development Mechanism, describing the fact that a carbon dioxide reduction project would not have occurred had it not been for concern for the mitigation of climate change. By proving additionality, it proves the legitimacy of the environmental stewardship claim resulting from the retirement of the carbon credit.

Involved with real carbon credits is personal carbon trading. Personal carbon trading has not yet been approved, but may very well help lower carbon usage as well as create small, localized economies. Personal carbon trading is a concept that is along the same lines as carbon offset credits. The concept of carbon trading refers to emissions trading.

It is hoped that personal carbon trading will help lower the amount of emissions by allotting a certain amount of emissions to individuals on an equal per capita basis. The number would be based on national carbon budgets. The credits would be surrendered later when buying fuel or electricity. Any individual who needs or wants more carbon credits would need to trade or purchase additional credits. Not only does this allow for people to get additional credits, it also makes it possible for those who do not need all of their credits, or are voluntarily lowering their carbon emissions, to sell surplus credits. Individual trading under Personal Carbon Trading is similar to the trading companies under the European Union Emission Trading System.

Personal carbon trading is not the same as carbon offsetting. They are very similar in the sense that they pay for emissions allowances, but carbon trading differs in that it is designed to be mandatory so nations are guaranteed domestic carbon emissions targets. There are various carbon proposals. Included are Tradable Energy Quotas (TEQs), Personal Carbon Allowances (PCAs), and Tradable Personal Pollution Allowances.

Depending on the personal carbon trading that is chosen, individuals would most likely use electric accounts to control the carbon credits. The account would allow individuals to surrender credits when purchasing electricity, heating fuel, and petroleum. Personal Carbon credits would also be used for public transportation. Those who sell their extra credit would benefit by lowering their carbon footprint, which is of course, the entire point of personal carbon credits.

How a positive spin is great on protecting the environment and experiencing life to the fullest while embracing the power of nature.

Centuries have passed while putting a positive spin on protecting the environment.

First and foremost, you’d want to prevent fires. especially forest fires by keeping it green from classic to elegant for industries that built our towns, communities and cities. Although, they say that coal, timbers, and glass all have played an important role into what we have begun and what we have to offer.

However, the beauty has evolved through towns and people have always sought new heights into protecting the environment to the highest point amidst the beauty by putting a positive spin on it. Meaning: high peaks and the highest point in the environment. So you’d want to make it a phenomenal view for nature watching in order to plan vacations and relax. first, you would have to keep everything right next to where you’d want to record everything happening in the environment to just keeping it fresh and clean.

You’d also want to multi-surface and multi-task. although, it’s a known fact that fresh plants make your environment gloomy and dreary and you wouldn’t want to leave the environment in perils. so, you’d definitely want to reshape the environment and just wouldn’t want to wait another minute for a bad look to come about.

However, putting a signature spin on protecting nature which changes a lot especially if someone else is trying to put negative spins on everything else around it because everyone knows that each winter blasts that we have, usually blankets the country and throughout the whole Tri-state area. Although, people have made too many priorities that weren’t kept when dealing with the environment.

for instance: Wintery precipitation is like this: how you pick your car, is like picking a crop and like paving away from what is reality and what’s not reality.

The cattle: Thinking of the cattle, farms, and crops you’ll need fresh crops with finishing touches on everything else around you in order to build the economy for consumer rights.

With tree recycling: You should remove all dead branches meaning you’ll need to landscape.

The mountains: Mountains make it an awesome place on the planet spectacular and want to explore the amazing outdoors and surroundings and you’d want to be able to enjoy the great outdoors in order to be able to have it where the animals and birds can breathe and run around.

However, having a positive spin on protecting the environment is a spirit of adventure with a bold new attitude and determination with a spiritual eloquence almost like a land of enchantment with the whole palm springs look which brings modern ingenuity. however, its a place where people might want to have a positive look on protecting the environment to where you can grow and maintain fresh crops in order to eat great and make the environment a special place to discover.

Although, a changing environment will continue to affect people in many different parts of the world in unique ways and statistics on the environment provides an excellent way for us to determine whether the environment is improving or worsening. humans are treating the environment better or worse than they have done in the past.

Although, pollution, hazardous waste, and many other environmental problems usually creates a major health threat for people around the world which is an environmental health organization that works with agencies in the developing world to try to eradicate harmful diseases. we can also make significant strides to improve the planet that we share by doing this.

VIP: We should recycle

-eliminate the use of electrical appliances for things that you can easily do by hand.

-Use cold water in the washer whenever possible

-don’t ever leave water running needlessly

-flush the toilet less often

-recycle cans, bottles, paper bags and definitely, recycle your christmas tree.

And last, but not least: teaching children t respect nature and the environment.

If we don’t do these steps and teach our children to do those things involving the environment and our surroundings and then we wouldn’t have a positive spin and it would continue to leave a negative spin on the world.

THE NEED TO GO GREEN

The staggering growth rate of industrial institutions has led the world to many advances, but at the same time sacrificing the health of our planet. The world’s most dependable source of energy is coal, however, its also the most dangerous.

 Coal contains many harmful effects that accompany its use. Though very effective, coal is one of the biggest contributor to pollution, the use of this energy contaminates the air which we breathe, the water we drink, and provokes many health problems such as asthma.

As many of you know, new energy solutions are crucial, and if no change is made, the earth is to become inhabitable. The good news is that its not too late, there’s still many changes that can be made to better our world. The development and use of Solar,Wind and Hydro energy are all alternatives.

HOW YOU CAN HELP

There are many things that one can do to improve the planet.

-Small steps that help

These steps can be taken by every one.

Using energy-efficient light bulbs.

Keeping windows closed when the AC is at use.

Not leaving water running.

Turning off appliances when not in use, such as lights.

Using warm water to wash clothes, they are just as clean when hot.

If you have two refrigerators, get rid of one.

Using rechargeable batteries.

Using low-flow shower heads and/or take shorter showers.

And don’t forget, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

-Big steps that help immensely

These are steps that require more action, but the benefits are greatly increased.

The use of solar panels-(Clean Power Source), solar panels may be placed and used in several locations.

Solar panel products have been greatly advanced, with enough solar panels and energy friendly appliances, it is now very possible to virtually erase your energy bill.

The panels supply electrical needs of your home. After that, the excessive energy is fed backwards through your electrical meter.

(Meaning that you save even more money on your energy bill!!!)

Over all solar panels are extremely useful, For Example: Say you own an RV and do allot of traveling, why not install a solar panel on top of the RV and greatly reduce your energy consumption.

The use of Wind Turbines-Clean Power Source

Using Wind Turbines is ideal for cabins or small homes. This source of power is ideal in remote location.

If you live in a spacious are with good wind, why not turn the passing air into power?Wind Turbines work similar to Solar panels, but they access their power through wind.

 These are all ideas to help you get started, if you truly want to make a difference in our world, please visit elitecleanenergy.com , there are many products that support clean energy ranging from 15 cents and above. Many things can be done to better our life style and make our planet healthier, if we all pitch in and help, we can greatly decrease our energy consumptions.

                                            Combating noise pollution

Man is a social animal; he needs comfort in every sense. People are not able to enjoy their lives completely because of the depletion in the environment and this happens because of the hostility between man and environment. Due to the advancement of science and technology, the problem of noise in recent years has emerged as one of the important pollutants of environment.

 Noise pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting and irritating sounds are clearly audible and which may result in disturbing any natural process or causes human harm. In other words any unwanted sound may result in noise pollution. These unwanted sounds may adversely affect wild life and human existence. Noise by definition is unwanted sound. What is pleasant to some ears may be extremely unpleasant to others depending upon a number of psychological factors. The sweetest music, if it disturbs a person, who is trying to concentrate or to sleep, is noise for him, just as pneumatic riveting hammer is noise to everyone. In other words any sound may be noise if circumstances cause it to be disturbing.

Noise pollution is a highly sensitive social issue. It has its effect on all living things. The problem of noise pollution carries its effect on human beings, animals and birds equally. Studies about the noise pollution reveals that hearing loss, insomnia, blood pressure, cardiovascular, digestive problems, hypertension, headache, annoyance and irritation are common ailments caused by noise amongst fully grown human beings, while dizziness and neurophysiologic reactions are found in children and on the other hand, the problem of increasing heart rates, blood pressure in animals and disturbance in breeding system have been noticed as important ailments. The studies on noise pollution also prove that normal tolerance of noise in human beings lies between 40-50dB and exposure to noise of more than 90dB may result in permanent hearing loss. Taking these harmful ill effects of noise pollution into consideration, the Noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000 was passed to keep a control on the noise levels.

Noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000 was enacted to take care of the depletion in the environment due to excessive noise. These are rules regarding the noise levels that should be maintained in certain areas. The noise pollution rules came up with a silence zone i.e. an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, court, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority.  According to the noise pollution rules authorities could take action and initiate prosecution against people who do not follow the rules. After the commencement of these rules also one can see many cases where people just honk without any reason creating chaos on the road and other places which comes under the purview of silence zone. These people while honking and using loudspeakers does not realize the difficulties that they cause to others and to themselves. One can even lose hearing; stress levels can go high and even mental instability. Honking unnecessarily while driving has become a trend these days and one can hear it very well at the traffic signals.

The problem of noise in recent years has become a serious threat to personal liberties, enjoyment of which is very essential for the quality of life in any civilized society. Noise, besides disturbing the normal working of the people in day time, may also disturb their sleep during night. Therefore noise has become a growing menace for the life and liberties of the people guaranteed under the constitution. In Maneka Gandhi V. Union of India, the Supreme Court pointed out that the expression ‘personal liberty’ does not mean only liberty of the persons but also liberty or the rights attached to the person. Further in Francis Coralie V. Union territory of Delhi, Justice Bhagwati while stressing the quality of life and its enjoyment within the purview of Article 21 has rightly said:

“The right to life enshrined in article 21 cannot be restricted to mere animal existence. It means something much more than just physical survival. The right to life includes the right to live with human dignity and all that goes along with it”.

The questionability as to how far the violation of liberties essential for life caused by environmental pollution lies within the scope of article 21 has been discussed by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh in T.Damodar Rao V. S.O Municipal Corporation . The court observed that the enjoyment of life and its attainment and fulfillment guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution embraces the protection and preservation of natures gifts without which life cannot be enjoyed and in that case slow poisoning by the polluted atmosphere caused by environmental pollution was regarded as violation of article 21 of the constitution. If the environment is polluted no one can enjoy life fully because the chances of being affected by various diseases are higher and it can also deprive the person of proper sleep, food, peaceful living etc.

Rights to sleep, food, recreation, peaceful living and conversation etc are such basic liberties without which the enjoyment of life with all human dignity is not possible. If these are disturbed by noise, their violation would certainly lie within article 21 of the constitution especially in those cases where the license for the use of such sources of noise has been granted directly by the state administration. This happens often during state festivals and elections. In such circumstances, the state government should take up the responsibility if it fails to control the manner of use of such sources of noise, which ultimately results into the violation of personal freedoms besides causing a problem of environmental pollution through noise. The authorities which include police and other officials should consider the violation of these rules as those against right to life and should strictly impose fine on people who violate the rules and this one step by the state and central government would curb the problem of noise pollution in the country

No doubt, these noise standards put forth through the Noise pollution (regulation and rules) 2000 and various judgments of the Supreme Court has been helpful in controlling the problem of noise to a great extent, however to control the rapid growth of noise in the country and to keep the environment noise free for the people the need for effective implementation of the laws and awareness amongst the masses are necessary. The environmental protection rules should be followed by all, honking and usage of loud speakers should be banned. Many countries have banned honking and it has proved to be very effective way of preventing noise pollution and most importantly people must know how to live without disturbing others and to protect the environment we live in i.e. there must be ‘Invidual social responsibility’ and only this kind of responsibility can protect our environment from depletion and would allow us to work for the benefit of the environment which plays an important role in our life. Unless and until the masses take up the social responsibility of protecting the environment from all kind of depletion, no laws will be fruitful.

By

Roshni Manuel

mailto:manuel.roshni@gmail.com

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Homes and businesses are not the only establishments upon which to apply the technologies of alternative energy. The environment can also benefit through the use of renewable energy in vehicles, most often in the form of biofuels. Australia has studied the advantages of biofuels and the impact the industry has on the country.

Currently, there is a general consensus amongst the public that there is a deficient supply of vehicles compatible with E10 fuel. E10 refers to blends of fuels containing 90% unleaded petrol and 10% ethanol. According to Heather Brodie, CEO of the Biofuels Association of Australia, the misconception by many citizens in Australia that too few cars exist which are compatible with E10 is that they are unaware that the most of the vehicles manufactured in Australia are compatible with E10 fuel and the majority of imported vehicles are as well.

It is possible that the public is unaware of this due to Australia’s somewhat slow start in embracing other forms of renewable energy. Biofuels have been used for a number of years in places such as the US, Europe, and Asia, so the technology is proven. Australia has been on board with biofuels for awhile now, but the citizens still remember the times when it was not readily available and the compatible vehicles were in the developmental stages. Ms. Brodie compares the reluctance to accept biofuels as a viable energy source to a time when unleaded petroleum fuels were shunned in favor of super blends. She claims that it is just a matter of getting used to a new method of powering our vehicles.

Australia currently maintains three commercial ethanol plants. All of them are located on the east coast of the country. Although biofuel technology has been utilized for decades, there are still growing pains as far as public perception and expansion of use; therefore, E10 is most readily available near its points of production. In order to encourage biofuel production to spread to other areas of Australia, Federal Government exempts domestically produced ethanol from excise tax until July of 2011. Additionally, Premiers in New South Wales and Queensland have debated the requirement that all petrol fuel be blended with ethanol in these states.

As with any renewable energy source, there will be skepticism toward biofuel because it is a relatively new technology. People tend to fear change, but biofuels are a change for the better, in Australia and the rest of the world.

Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

Original Source: http://www.reportsandreports.com/reports/36112-global-and-china-carbon-fiber-industry-report-2009-2010.html

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“Do not judge the book by its cover,” so goes the famous maxim. This has been proven true in almost all facets of life, including technology. When it comes to modernization, carbon fiber tubes became the tip of the ice berg. This is one material that the manufacturers and producers of vehicles, some hobbyists, and even makers of sporting goods cannot live without. At the first glance, you may think of a single carbon fiber to be just an ordinary strand that is so weak that it can be easily broken. However, a closer look at the structures and properties of this component will help us to understand and even appreciate this material better.

Carbon fiber tube is made up of many intricately thin fibers in its extreme forms with a diameter of only around 0.005 to 0.010 mm. These are woven together to form a yarn which can be immensely used in different fields. Having this general idea, this means that a single strand of carbon fiber is only as thick as seven to ten strands of human hair! However, its qualities are way far different than human hair. For one, the strength and durability of carbon fiber is unimaginably remarkable. In fact, this is one of the reasons why more and more people prefer carbon fiber tube rather than aluminum and steel.

In relation to the compound of carbon fiber tubes, the carbon fibers are comprised of microscopic carbon atoms, which, when bonded together with the help of crystal alignment, makes the material superbly strong compared to its size and appearance.

In terms of properties, carbon fiber tube is somewhat similar to asbestos to some extent. One single thread of carbon fiber is made up of thousands of many other carbon filaments which almost all have at least eighty five percent carbon exclusively. Meanwhile, the atomic structure of this material is also exceptional, since it can be compared to the structure of graphite. Depending on how it was woven or molded, this substance may acquire a tensile strength in high magnitude. This complexity makes this material almost unbreakable with minimal deformity when impacted by many tons. Under correct conditions, carbon fiber tubes can demonstrate both the quality of strength and elasticity.

Since carbon fiber tubes proved dynamic under heat, this material became sought after as part of the safety precautions of many manufacturers. For instance, carbon fiber is widely used in car’s hoods. When that part is impacted, with the help of this material, the hood may just have a slight affected dent. Amazingly, when carbon fibers are molded together, it actually becomes resistant against fire. This is because carbon fibers in its compact layer can efficiently reflect and stand the test of heat.

With impressive qualities this material possess, like the ability to withstand a high impact of huge amount of weight and force; its low thermal ability; its light weight but acquiring an extraordinary tensile strength, we definitely stumbled onto a pleasant surprise – that of having the advantages of carbon fiber tubes far greater than its size!

“Do not judge the book by its cover,” so goes the famous maxim. This has been proven true in almost all facets of life, including technology. When it comes to modernization, carbon fiber tubes became the tip of the ice berg. This is one material that the manufacturers and producers of vehicles, some hobbyists, and even makers of sporting goods cannot live without. At the first glance, you may think of a single carbon fiber to be just an ordinary strand that is so weak that it can be easily broken. However, a closer look at the structures and properties of this component will help us to understand and even appreciate this material better.

Carbon fiber tube is made up of many intricately thin fibers in its extreme forms with a diameter of only around 0.005 to 0.010 mm. These are woven together to form a yarn which can be immensely used in different fields. Having this general idea, this means that a single strand of carbon fiber is only as thick as seven to ten strands of human hair! However, its qualities are way far different than human hair. For one, the strength and durability of carbon fiber is unimaginably remarkable. In fact, this is one of the reasons why more and more people prefer carbon fiber tube rather than aluminum and steel.

In relation to the compound of carbon fiber tubes, the carbon fibers are comprised of microscopic carbon atoms, which, when bonded together with the help of crystal alignment, makes the material superbly strong compared to its size and appearance.

In terms of properties, carbon fiber tube is somewhat similar to asbestos to some extent. One single thread of carbon fiber is made up of thousands of many other carbon filaments which almost all have at least eighty five percent carbon exclusively. Meanwhile, the atomic structure of this material is also exceptional, since it can be compared to the structure of graphite. Depending on how it was woven or molded, this substance may acquire a tensile strength in high magnitude. This complexity makes this material almost unbreakable with minimal deformity when impacted by many tons. Under correct conditions, carbon fiber tubes can demonstrate both the quality of strength and elasticity.

Since carbon fiber tubes proved dynamic under heat, this material became sought after as part of the safety precautions of many manufacturers. For instance, carbon fiber is widely used in car’s hoods. When that part is impacted, with the help of this material, the hood may just have a slight affected dent. Amazingly, when carbon fibers are molded together, it actually becomes resistant against fire. This is because carbon fibers in its compact layer can efficiently reflect and stand the test of heat.

With impressive qualities this material possess, like the ability to withstand a high impact of huge amount of weight and force; its low thermal ability; its light weight but acquiring an extraordinary tensile strength, we definitely stumbled onto a pleasant surprise – that of having the advantages of carbon fiber tubes far greater than its size!

There is a growing concern these days for the environment, and several countries have taken the initiative to promote the use of renewable energy to lessen humanity’s impact on the planet.  Canada is one such country taking the lead in green technologies, and using biofuels is one of the steps they have taken in becoming one of the world’s leaders in the consumption of environmentally friendly fuels.

Biofuels are simply liquid fuels manufactured from plant and animal materials.  Because this matter is biodegradable, it is not only capable of powering vehicles and heating homes, but the waste is then absorbed once again into the earth, nurturing new life able to provide future renewable energy sources.

Bioethanol, commonly referred to as just ethanol, is the most common biofuel currently in production.  Canada’s federal government has taken note of ethanol’s potential as an alternative renewable energy and created a plan requiring gasoline to contain 5% ethanol by the end of this year.  The plan would also require diesel fuels to contain at least 2% ethanol by the end of 2012.  As a matter of fact, the provincial government of Manitoba has taken a leadership role in the biodiesel industry by creating mandates requiring similar percentages as those devised by the federal government that will go into effect in 2010.  This precedes the federal mandate by two years.  Manitoba is known for its prairie lands, the crops that grow there, and the animals that graze upon these crops.  The amount of plant and animal materials available for the production of biofuels is great.  Manitoba has inspired the provincial government of British Columbia to adopt similar strategies.

The corporation of Raven Biofuels Limited was established to research and develop technologies conducive to efficient and prolific use of biofuels throughout Canada, and they have identified British Columbia as a starting point.  Joining Raven Biofuels International Corporation (RBIC), their goal is to pay RBIC a fee providing them exclusive rights to biofuel development in Canada.  Their intent is to build the first commercial biorefinery and place it in Kamloops, British Columbia.  Though it may seem as though a monopoly or trust would emerge from this partnership, the goal is to set an example and to provide guidance to other potential commercial endeavors.  Municipalities have partnered with British Columbia’s provincial government to create the BC Bioenergy Strategy, which has already garnered million to fund a Biofuel Network focused on furthering biofuel energy technology not just in British Columbia, but throughout Canada.