The Biochar Blog

Posts Tagged ‘Global’

Over the years we have manifested in forging the new environment that eventually degraded our resources and alter them. The naïve days are long gone and our planet is experiencing continues abuse from its inhabitants. With the rapid demands for the earth’s natural resources, the growth in population is the major drive of our global environment. Millions of species are at risk as climate change poses critical threats and eventually change our world.

As we come to realize of the grave environmental consequences- chemical pollution, landslides and the consecutive effects on the natural environment that fails to apprehend the course of life on earth. Our global environment lays at the edge an enormous effect that leads to climate change. We have evaded our biological ecosystem and destroyed the equilibrium that our planet endows us. As the increasing populace grows, the industry had endowed a dramatic change towards the global environment.

Various solution and being developed and refined in order to save our environment from man-made pollution that adds up to the effect that only destroys our planet. These various technologies allows us to nurture our environment back to health at the same time endowing eco-friendly benefits that nevertheless; depletes our natural resources. These innovations are created to abide the global environment standards set forth in their perspective industry.

Numerous technologies that are created for the benefit of our environment strike the causes of climate change and aims to eliminate them. They are presented into the green industry to prove that not all innovations are bound to have a negative effect on the environment. These technologies allows us to address are growing concerns towards proper waste management and recovery, high priced fuel and electricity as well the depletion of our natural resources.

Both developing and developed countries are continuously degrading our natural resources however; that is about to change. New technologies and innovations are being deployed in order to modify our global environment. They developed and redefine these technologies to conserve and restore the components that we have abused from our ecosystem. They provide sustainable and efficient products and services that allow the general populace for consumption.

The current state of our global environment is in critical levels despite this, we struggle to find new and better ways towards addressing these concerns. Fighting climate change is a difficult task to undertake however; it is not impossible. We could make a difference and save our global environment for the benefits of our generation and the next.

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After millenuims of economic growth, our world has been exploited and depleted by undeniable elements that continues to destroy and threaten the global environment. Ironically, we came to a point wherein we rely much more to the technologies that man has invented and became irresponsible towards our earths health. We are now challenging our capabilities on how far we could strech our knowledge towards creating innovative technologies at the same time saving our environment to avoid climate change.

Most companies, polititians and individuals claim to be doing something to prevent further depletion of our resources as well as taking carre of our planet. In my opinion, they only endow un unhealty optimism by spreading the word however; forgets to do it. As th saying goes on “actions speak louder than words.” If we only boast about it and don’t do something soon, we might end up pushing our race to extinction. The production of renewable energy sources proves to be an eco-friendly approach towards saving the global environment.

It has been a common goal for over years that we must be more responsible towards our action that could endow disastrous consequences to the environment. Providing solutions that assures benefits that could not only meet our growing needs must also pass in benefiting the environment as well. Renewable energy sources allow to conserve and protect the global environment from depletion and extinction of our natural resources. Some of these renewable sources as being critisized whether they would really benefit the environment and these cause numerous debates in the green market.

Saving and protecting our global environment is an influencial aspect of caring for the environment that we live in. Numerous claims are being presented to the masses in order to make them believe that by purchasing specific types of green solutions, you could be guilt free of your sins towards the environment. These routines may somehow help the environment however; they are being proposed as a long term solution in saving our global environment.

Renewable energy sources standsout from the rest of these green solution due to the fact that these innovation does not emit harmful gases that adds to the cause of climate change. It challenges these causes by diminishing and reducing the reliance towards our resources. Our global environment allows us to live in a place that provides us with the necessities that we need  for our daily life. If we neglect the importance of the balance of life on earth and continue to deplete our resources, we only bring disasterous effects to our lives.



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Writer:  Darren Ng

Research Paper

Global Warming Crisis

Global warming is one, if not the most discussed concerns of our contemporary society. In fact, it has engendered protracted debates between and among our top scientists, whose differing theories seek to unravel not only the real causes but also certain viable solutions which can be framed to address it. If only to cite, two schools of thought emerge from these heated discussions. On the one side of the spectrum, one group of scientist-thinkers claims that the rapid increase of carbon dioxide emission, owing much from the exponential growth of industries of the post war era, is the chief cause of the present global warming crisis. By contrast, another group that which strongly disagrees with the aforesaid stance maintains that global warming is not really attributable to an increased carbon dioxide emission as it is to due to the inevitability of the earth’s natural processes of cyclic heating and cooling within a given span of time.

Thus, while it is agreed that the globe is in fact warming, I believe carbon dioxide is not the underlying reason behind it. This paper makes a case for the necessity of continuing studies as regards to the matter, as I am more inclined to believe that, based on my readings, carbon dioxide emission does not constitute the real cause of global warming, if by ‘cause’ we take to mean that the increased production of carbon dioxide acts as the sufficient explanation of global warming, let alone its sole mitigating factor. The stance which this paper takes is a somewhat critical to the more popular understanding of global warming crisis; i.e. this paper is specifically critical to Al Gore, along with some 2,500 scientist who work at the IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and roughly about 86% of American citizens, who summarily hold that global warming is a problem brought about by human doing. This paper seeks to underscore the incurable ambiguities which mark the contention that global warming is entirely due to the increased incidence of greenhouse concentrations, which in itself is nothing but the consequential result of the perceived increase of carbon dioxide emissions.

Carbon Dioxide Emission as Causative Ingredient to Global Warming?

As previously mentioned, there are many scientists who claim that the current state of the industrial societies is a key determining factor that aggravates the noticeable increase of world atmospheric and marine temperatures. Crucial to this is to cite that world economies’ heavy dependence on fossil fuels, which in turn leads to excessive carbon dioxide emission, is responsible for the increased incidence of greenhouse effect being experienced the world over.  For instance, Homer-Dixon, the author of the book The upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization he cites that “concentration of greenhouse gases are increasing fast and the earth is getting hotter” (Homer-Dixon 162). And it, in fact, is not hard to establish that there is a direct correlation existing between the increasing world temperature and the equally rapid increase of carbon dioxide emission recorded in as many years. One only needs to show that many studies, such as the one published by the Environmental Protection Agency, rely on arguing the fact that carbon dioxide discharge and the world’s atmospheric temperatures have risen “by over 35% since the rise of Industrialization” so to make a convenient conclusion that it is the primary cause of global warming(Carbon Dioxide, 2008).

The EPA’s argument is relevant in the discussion since it brings into the fore the tendency of many organizations to take carbon dioxide and global warming under the lenses of cause-effect model. In many respects, this is likewise the crux of the arguments espoused by the Kyoto Protocol – an international environmental accord sanctioned by the United Nations, aimed at decreasing world production of greenhouse gases. According to the agreement, world governments acceding to such an accord must ensure that steps are undertaken to cut their respective carbon dioxide emissions “below the range” which can be devastating to nature (Kyoto Protocol). This, moreover, is also the assumption of those who are advocating the use of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels. According to Max Schulz who is the writer of the article Nuclear Power, explains that the world needs to discover viable sources of energy through “clean technology”… “without pollution or greenhouse gas emissions (Schulz 90).  Herein, it would be necessary to note that the reasoned premise of the Kyoto Protocol and arguments for nuclear power rests on the plain assumption that there exists a direct cause-and-effect correlation between carbon dioxide production and rapid increase of world atmospheric temperatures. Which is why, these arguments tend to regard global warming as anthropogenic in essence – i.e., it is a phenomenon brought about by human doing.

That having said, there are still reasons to think that no one can really stop the continued warming of the world. Not even the Kyoto Protocol – an already massive initiative, to say the least, taken by humanity to address the problem – dares to dream of averting the rise of world temperatures all together. As indeed, our optimum technologies nowadays have yet to frame adequate solutions to curb the rate of global warming. If this perceived helplessness in respect to global warming speaks of anything about our present situation, it merely proves that there is more into the problem than merely attributing it to human doing. This is because if global warming is really a problem constituted by human fault, then it is with human initiatives that such problem can and must be remedied. Apparently however, human progress cannot be blamed for the recent rising trends of global temperatures. 

Global Warming as the Earth’s Natural Way of Being

While it may be easy to establish the correlation between the amounts of carbon dioxide emitted in the last 50 years and the rise of world temperatures, it is nevertheless difficult to construe a necessary cause-and-effect connection between them.  For say that carbon dioxide alone is the sufficient explanation to global warming means that we are reducing the problem into a single cause; and this must not be so. In Homer-Dixon’s book he cites a quote from Michel Jarraud who is the secretary general of the United Nations World Meteorological Organization.  Michael Jarraud contends,

“You cannot attribute (global warming) to a single cause. It’s about the very complex interaction between all the elements that make up the very complex machine that is the Earth…But global warming is likely to lead to more frequent extraordinary events and greater intensity of these events” (Homer-Dixon 162).

In the first place, global warming should be seen as a natural process or occurrence, or a phenomenon not generated by human activities. In fact, global warming happens periodically; as this was proven by Petr Chylek who is the Professor of Physics and Atmospheric Science. For instance, in his report, he maintains that during the 1920’s, Greenland’s temperature was recorded higher than it was during many instances 2005. With such telling evidence, he concludes that, “the Greenland warming of 1920 to 1930 demonstrates that a high concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is not a necessary condition for period of warming to arise” (Chylek). The same may be said of the trend which shows that during the period of 1900-1940, the temperatures were rising even when industrialization was not as massive compare to what we have now. After this era, the Post-War economic boom was to commence. Ironically, this was the period when the temperature dropped and did not begin to rise until four decades later. Besides, one must also note with care that the past 150 years have seen a very minute increase in world temperature – only half a degree Celsius. If with the massive production of carbon dioxide the rate of world temperature increase does not appear to be so drastic, then it is evident that carbon dioxide is not the sole cause of global warming.

Secondly, where carbon dioxide is in question, it is certainly insightful to note that human activities do not really generate as much carbon dioxide emission as does nature itself, when it produces the carbon dioxide in manner being more significant, if not undeniably massive. This is certainly an interesting angle to look at; for while we agree to a certain respect that carbon dioxide is a heat-generating compound in the atmosphere, it nevertheless is just one of the many gaseous compounds comprising greenhouse gases. As such, carbon dioxide comprises a meager 0.97% of the total greenhouse gasses present in the air (USA TODAY). Moreover, human activities are not to sole progenitor of carbon dioxide. The earth’s land surface, it must be noted, emits carbon dioxide as well. For instance, when a volcanic eruption occurs, the earth produces more carbon dioxide than the amount produced by industrial factories around the world, and certainly more than the amount of the same emitted by human beings. This is to speak only of the earth’s terrestrial surface, which is roughly about 30% of the world’s surface area. The largest emitter of carbon dioxide is by the larger marine surface, as it makes up the remaining 70% of our world’s geographical composition. Thus, humanity must not be the one to be blamed for the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere right now. Besides, on account of the fact that carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is insignificant, there is a truth in saying that carbon is not the sole reason that explains global warming.

Thirdly, not only must people start to realize that global warming is a phenomenon that happens on a natural basis, they too must take into careful account the significant role which solar radiation plays in ushering the world into another phase of warmer temperatures. In other words, the warming of the earth is in fact believed to be caused by the sun. This is exactly the contention leveled by Jeffrey Gordon in his book called Solar Energy: The State of the Art. He contends that solar energy acts as the major contributor to the warming of the earth. This is because he believes that “urban temperature and the sky view” manifest a direct correlation (Gordon 14). To briefly explain, Gordon believes that cloud formation in the sky is influenced by the amount of solar radiation being emitted by the sun. Ordinarily, we speak of cloud formation as a phenomenon explicable by the rate of evaporation and condensation of water vapor transpiring in the earth’s atmosphere (The World Book Encyclopedia 111). But, Gordon believes that cosmic rays are the actual reason behind the formation of clouds – i.e., sun rays play a role in the formation of clouds. Therefore, if clouds are generated by cosmic rays, and that they absorb and reflect solar radiation, which in turn make the earth’s surface cool or warm according to the cloud density, then it is with good reasons to claim that global warming is indeed caused by natural processes and not by human doing.

Still, there is a need to further underscore the fact that many doomsday prophecies in respect to the true state of the earth appear to be patently exaggerated, if not wholly unfounded as well. A glaring example would be to cite how scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change came up with analyses and reports accentuating the correlation between the earth’s temperatures on the one hand and the levels of carbon dioxide on the other hand. This, we might as well be reminded, is in itself an indication of correlation but not of necessary connection, as argued hereinabove. Unfortunately, these scientists argued that, using the temperature-carbon dioxide correlation, the warming globe would be a precursor to a significant rise in sea levels within the next one hundred years. And by further claiming that sea levels are expected to rise at least twenty feet above the present level, these scientist warn of extensive flooding, reduction of earth’s land surface, and all sorts of natural disasters.

We need to point out, however, that this claim is at the very least preposterous. This is for the plain reason that, according to the recent studies shown in a BBC documentary called ‘The Global Warming Swindle’, it would take another 1000 years to have our sea level to rise dramatically by twenty feet, or less (Scott). Hardly over, another example pertinent to some scientists’ tendency to proffer unfounded studies comes through research by Thomas Knutson of the NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. According to him, “a greenhouse gas-induced warming may lead to a gradually increasing risk in the occurrence of highly destructive category-5 storms” (Knutson 16). Another scientist from the IPCC agrees with Knutson, and even further researched on this case and concluded that we are on the way to another ice age. Once again, the extremities palpable in their conclusions make their claims highly dubitable. At the very least, we need to inquire why scientists arrive at differing conclusions – i.e., one speaks of catastrophic hurricanes, yet another prophesies a looming ice-age – using the same climate model as evidence. We have reasons to believe that these scientists have deliberately pushed their interpretation beyond what their evidences imply. And reason behind this, we might as well surmise, lies in the need to attract the public attention at the expense of portraying the truth of the matter regarding the state of our nature.

Providing evidence for this case, the authors J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks in their book, ‘A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy’ would most likely support my case. Roberts and Parks cite that, “Though it would be impossible to say that any single hurricane was caused by global warming, the increase in air and water temperatures has undoubtedly increased the evaporation and energy in the climate system.”  This phrase is so significant because it disproves that global warming is the trigger towards storms.  It also shows that the increasing carbon dioxide has no correlation towards rising temperature, inasmuch as it is mainly evaporation and energy that affect climate.

Finally, it is imperative to note that many scientists’ tendency to lopsidedly zero in on construing doomsday leaves no room for appreciating the positive ramifications of global warming. During the course of my research, I realized that there are those who say that a warmer globe does not necessarily spell doom for humanity. On the contrary, it may even be beneficial for us. Bruce E. Johansen in his book The Global Warming: Desk Reference for instance contends, “a slight rise in temperatures and carbon dioxide levels would stimulate the growth of many plants” (Johansen 105). This is because the plants will more largely absorb carbon dioxide when there is more of it. Moreover, this proves that the earth’s natural cycle is on course, and that there is no need to unnecessarily incite panic from among the greater public. The earth will learn and adapt to climate changes as much as humans, and every other animal, would.

With the evidence from many studies from authors such as John Christian, Roy Spencer and many listed above, I confidently believe that carbon dioxide is not the reason behind global warming.  Maybe our media is so influenced by our political leaders today that many of us follow behind them into believing that carbon dioxide is causing the warming of the earth.  Why do they want us to believe this?  My theory is when politics wants to be involved in any issue; their main concern is to search for benefits.  So what is the solution behind global warming?  There may seem like there is no solution but ultimately the solution is for the selfish to become unselfish for the selfish reason.  If carbon dioxide is the real cause of global warming, our governments should use more of their money to create better ways of transportation rather than gain income from the warming.  Transportation infrastructure includes more biking routes, bus stops, underground trains etc.  This is proven to work as European countries implement it into their infrastructure.  Thus, if global warming is a natural cycle, then we cannot do anything but to use more of the governments’ income to invest in other ways of living as global warming comes closer each day. 

By way of conclusion, I wish to end with a thought which affirms the central roadmap and chief contention of this paper – i.e., the debate about global warming cannot be laid to rest, so long as the entire truth about the matter is not fully unraveled. Right now, the world is fed with much-publicized but too-often-pessimistic views about the ill-effects of global warming. And much too often, these supposed scientific studies pin the blame on human beings and their otherwise magnificent activities and achievements. This, I believe, is rather unfair. In the discussions that were developed, it was seen that there is more into global warming than merely attributing it to carbon dioxide emissions of the last few decades, and the increased concentration of greenhouse gasses observed in the present times. In the final analysis, we have to admit that the earth’s climate has always been changing. And as we have been through cold and warm periods, we must appreciate the fact that nearly all living species have found, in ways more than one, their respective ways of surviving. Certainly, the debate is far from being over.

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Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Capacity Percentage of Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Worldwide, 2009 (Based on the Capacity of Carbon Fiber Tow)

 
Source: ResearchInChina

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.  

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.  

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Revenue and Operating Profit of Toray’s Carbon Fiber Business, FY2008-FY2009 (Unit: JPY bn)

 
Source: Annals of Toray, ResearchInChina

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

For details of this report please visit http://www.researchinchina.com/Htmls/Report/2010/5939.html.

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Currently, the technology and production of carbon fiber worldwide is still under the control of Japan and the USA owing to the complicated production process, high technical content, and the politically restricted introduction of technologies and equipment. There are now less than 20 countries and regions that can realize the industrialization of carbon fiber and no more than 12 enterprises that are capable of mass-production around the globe. Toray (Japan), Toho Tenax (Japan), Zoltek (USA), and Mitsubishi Rayon (Japan) rank the global Top 4 manufacturers by the capacity of carbon fiber, accounting for 23.4%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 10.3% respectively of the global total capacity, while Chinese enterprises occupy only 4.3%.

Globally, the production of carbon fiber is mostly dominated by PAN-based carbon fiber, the capacity of which in 2009 accounted for 96% or so of the global total capacity of carbon fiber. Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon are mainly engaged in the production of small-tow (≤24K) PAN-based carbon fiber, amounting to 70.5% of the global total capacity of small-tow carbon fiber in 2009; while America’s Zoltek mainly deals with large-tow (>24K) PAN-based carbon fiber and its capacity took 49.1% of the global total capacity of large-tow carbon fiber in 2009.

The entire market of pitch-based carbon fiber is not so big but rather centralized in production. Japan’s Kureha enjoyed the highest capacity of pitch-based carbon fiber by 1.45 kilotons in 2009, approximating 65% market share, followed by America’s Cytec of about 17.9%.

China has taken the industrialization of carbon fiber technology as a strategic task, however, the overall level is far behind that of the developed countries and the entire industry is still at the stage of initial development. Along with the breakthroughs in carbon fiber industrialized technologies, the successively released policies for carbon fiber industry development, and the stimulation of the huge gap between supply and demand in domestic market, China has launched a lot of research projects concerning carbon fiber and kiloton industrialization projects. Up to the end of 2009, China had formed the annual capacity of 7.81 kiloton PAN precursor and 3.31 kiloton carbon fiber, but the actual output of carbon fiber was just over 900 tons with the import dependency ratio as high as 83.9%.

Till June 2010, the capacity of carbon fiber projects planned to be built or under construction in China recorded 60 kilotons or so, hereinto, the capacity of the projects planned to go into operation at the end of 2010 (including those went into operation before June 2010) exceeded 7 kilotons. Nevertheless, only a small number of projects can successfully go into operation and realize stable production now that there is a lack of core industrialization technology with independent intellectual property rights in Chinese carbon fiber industry, but this heralds the development opportunity of the carbon fiber industry in China.

This report lays emphasis on the current development, supply & demand, competition pattern, price trend as well as the development trend of global and China carbon fiber industry. Moreover, it also casts light on the operation and development of 18 manufacturers worldwide such as Japan’s Toray, Toho Tenax, and Mitsubishi Rayon, America’s Zoltek, and China’s ZhongFu ShenYing.

Take Toray ranking world’s No.1 in terms of overall competitiveness of carbon fiber as an example. Its revenue of carbon fiber business mainly stems from aviation & spaceflight, industry and sports fields, occupying 44.2%, 36.7% and 19.1% respectively of the total revenue of carbon fiber business in FY2009. The economic crisis led to the postponed orders from aviation and sports fields for carbon fiber, and the revenue and operating profit of Toray’s carbon fiber business both plunged in FY2009, of which, the former fell to JPY50.7 billion, down 28% from the prior year, and the latter registered JPY6.2 billion, down 26.2% from a year earlier.

Along with the rapid recovery of global carbon fiber market, Toray accelerates to perform the carbon fiber prepreg supply contract with Boeing B787 and respectively signs carbon fiber supply contract with EADS (European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, the parent company of Airbus SAS) and Daimler in 2010. Meanwhile, Toray is continuously expanding its capacity of carbon fiber in order to meet the market demand of carbon fiber for aviation and industry in the future. According to its schedule, the annual capacity of carbon fiber of Toray will hit 25 kilotons and the market share will reach 38% by the end of 2010. In addition, on April 22, 2010, Toray announced that it would take 11 years to fulfill the carbon fiber investment plan of KRW480 billion in South Korea via Toray Saehan, its subsidiary in South Korea.

Original Source: http://www.reportsandreports.com/reports/36112-global-and-china-carbon-fiber-industry-report-2009-2010.html

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According to our research report “Global Biofuel Market Analysis”, the biofuel industry has substantially grown across the world on the back of strong demand (both ethanol and biodiesel) for road transport. We have also found that governments of both the developing and developed nations are supporting biofuel developments for the diversification of energy sources and the improvement of environment. Thus, the global ethanol and biodiesel production is expected to grow at a CAGR around 5% and 4% respectively between 2010 and 2019.

The report has examined the biofuel industry at the regional level. The Americas (US, Canada and Brazil) dominate the global ethanol market and accounts for around 90% of the world total ethanol production. However, the EU has a strong foothold on the biodiesel market and accounts for over two-third of the total biodiesel production in the world.

Our report gives a deep insight into the trends prevailing in different regions of the world. Apart from the Americas and EU, we have also covered the Asia-Pacific biofuel market. India and China are the emerging biofuel markets both in terms of production and consumption.

“Global Biofuel Market Analysis” provides an extensive research and rational analysis of the global biofuel market. The report contains thoroughly analyzes current market trends in both developed and emerging economies in context of statistical data. The report also covers the government initiatives which help to increase demand for biofuel. 

We have also provided the industry forecast based on correlation of past drivers, challenges and opportunities for expansion. The report includes forecast analysis of ethanol production and consumption as well as biodiesel production and consumption. We have studied the cost involved in biofuel production for major biofuel producers worldwide. 

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GlobalData, the leading business intelligence provider, has released its latest research study “Global Carbon Policy Handbook, 2010: Policies Driving the Growth of Carbon Trading Markets”, which is an offering from the company’s Energy Research Group. The report provides an in-depth analysis on the carbon policy initiatives by the European Union, the US, Canada, Australia and other developed and developing economies. It details the regional climate change initiatives, the Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms. It also provides an analysis on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) projects. The report provides an overview on various carbon registries, carbon exchanges and the major companies participating in the carbon trade. The report provides the latest information on the value, volume and price of the emissions traded in project-based mechanisms, such as CDM, JI and Secondary CDM, and allowance markets such as the European Union’s (EU) Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), New South Wales, Chicago Climate, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs). The report discusses some of the reasons for the growth of carbon markets and provides carbon market forecasts until 2020.

Scope

The report provides a detailed analysis on the global carbon policy initiatives driving the carbon trading markets. Its scope is as follows.
– Impact assessment of the carbon policies in the United States (US), the European Union (EU), Canada, Australia and Asia Pacific regions on the world carbon trading markets.
– Carbon trading value from 2010-2020, which help in identifying a market potential.
– Key carbon regulations and policies at regional level in the US and unified carbon regulatory framework in the EU and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
– Analyzes the probable regional policy instruments in the US and Asia Pacific regions, which will drive the global carbon trading markets beyond 2012.
– Key carbon regulations and policies at regional level in the US and unified carbon regulatory framework in the EU and their impact on the growth of global carbon trading market.
– Analyzes the regional policy instruments in the US and Asia Pacific regions, which will drive the global carbon trading markets.
– Review of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in the Asia Pacific and Sub-Saharan regions in 2009
– Details on various Kyoto mechanisms and helps in identifying potential markets by navigating the policy landscape worldwide from 2005-2012.
– Key data and information on the volume and market value of carbon allowances, covering both project-based transactions and allowance-based transactions from 2004-09.
– Historic pricing trends for carbon in various exchanges and project-based transactions from 2004-09.
– Analyzes market-based instruments such as certifications and standards used in carbon trading in 2009.
– Overview on investment firms, infrastructure and energy service providers, advisory companies, financial firms, brokerage firms, carbon solution providers and other auditing firms participating in carbon trade.

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– Understand the market positioning of carbon credits in correlation with carbon policies.
– Increase future revenue and profitability with the help of insights on the opportunities and critical success factors of the EU ETS in the carbon trading market.
– Benchmark your investments against the major players in the carbon trading markets.
– Be ahead of the competition by keeping yourself abreast with all of the latest policy changes on carbon mitigation globally.
– Plan your investments to minimize the impact of carbon taxes due to changing carbon policies.
– Plan your project locations and project types in order to capitalize on the growing carbon allowance market.
– Identify the most suitable geography to invest in emission reduction projects.
– Target the most suitable geography for emission reduction projects based on the policies to gain incentives.
– Develop custom strategies for different geographies based on the stringency of the carbon policy in the respective area.
– Navigate the carbon policies through detailed analysis of existing carbon allowance market dynamics and potential changes.
– Identify the most promising geography to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, in order to minimize carbon taxes.

1 Table of contents 4
1.1 List of Tables 6
1.2 List of Figures 7

2 Introduction 8
2.1 Overview 8
2.2 GlobalData Report Guidance 9

3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and its Impact on Global Carbon Policies 10
3.1 Impact of GHGs on Ecology 10
3.1.1 Introduction to Global Warming 10
3.1.2 Illustrations of Ecological Imbalance due to Excess Carbon 10
3.2 Global Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint 11
3.2.1 The Kyoto Protocol and its Implementation Challenges 11
3.2.2 Development of Natural and Artificial Carbon Sequestration Techniques, Energy Efficiency Projects and Renewables 11
3.2.3 Evolution of Carbon Trading Market 12

4 Global Carbon Policy Frameworks Boosting Emissions Trading Markets 13
4.1 Overview of Regulatory Framework for Emission Trading Systems 13
4.1.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act and its Implications 13
4.1.2 European Union’s Climate Change Policy 14
4.1.3 Climate Change Initiatives in Canada and Prospects for Emissions Trading 18
4.1.4 Australia’s Climate Change Initiatives will Aid the Emission Trading Mechanism 18
4.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 18
4.3 Kyoto Protocol, a Precursor of Emissions Trading Systems 18
4.3.1 Overview of Kyoto Protocol, Participating Nations 18
4.3.2 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) 21
4.3.3 Joint Implementation and Assigned Amount Units 40
4.3.4 Emission Trading 47
4.4 Increasing Role of International Emissions Trading and International Emissions Trading Association in Boosting the Market 48
4.4.1 Objectives of IETA 48
4.4.2 Program by IETA 48
4.5 Various Regulatory Frameworks and Regional Initiatives in the US 49
4.5.1 American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 50
4.5.2 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the US 52
4.5.3 California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 AB 32 53
4.5.4 Western Climate Initiative 54
4.5.5 Midwestern Regional GHG Reduction Accord (MGGRA) 55
4.5.6 EPA Climate Leaders 55
4.5.7 Hawaii Global Warming Solutions Act of 2007 55
4.6 European Union Emissions Trading System Promotes Emissions Trading Market 55
4.6.1 EU ETS 56
4.6.2 Revised EU ETS 56
4.7 Japan’s Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan and Other Voluntary Markets 57
4.8 Emission Reduction Schemes of Australia 59
4.8.1 New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 59
4.8.2 Greenhouse Challenge Plus 59
4.8.3 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 59
4.9 Canadian Government’s Measures and Initiatives Drive Carbon Trading 60
4.10 Policies and Market Instruments Driving Carbon Trading Programs in Other Countries 61
4.10.1 Policy and Market Mechanisms in China 61
4.10.2 Policy and Market Mechanisms in South Korea 62
4.10.3 Policy and Market Mechanisms in New Zealand 62
4.10.4 Policy and Market Mechanisms in Russia 63
4.10.5 Policy and Market Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan 63
4.11 Impact of COP 15 on Carbon Policies and Emission Trading 64

5 Regional and Global Carbon Exchanges and Carbon Trading Markets 65
5.1 Increasing Role off Standard-Specific and Existing Registries 66
5.1.1 North American Markets 68
5.1.2 The Chicago Climate Exchange 69
5.1.3 European Union Emissions Trading System Market 71
5.1.4 The Australian Carbon Market 72
5.2 Project-Based Transactions by Region and Project Type 72
5.2.1 CDM and JI Buyers, Sellers and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Markets 73

6 Development of Certifications, Standards and Other Initiatives Facilitating Emissions Trading 76
6.1 American Carbon Registry Standard 77
6.2 The Climate Action Reserve Protocols 77
6.3 The CarbonFix Standard 77
6.4 Chicago Climate Exchange Offsets Program 78
6.5 Climate, Community, and Biodiversity Standards 78
6.6 EPA Climate Leaders Offset Guidance 78
6.7 Greenhouse Gas Services Standard 78
6.8 The Gold Standard 78
6.9 Greenhouse Friendly 79
6.10 ISO 14064 Standards 79
6.11 Plan Vivo 79
6.12 Social Carbon Standard 79
6.13 TUV NORD Climate Change Standard and VER+ Standard 79
6.14 Voluntary Carbon Standard 80

7 Competitive Landscape of Emission Trading Companies 81
7.1 3Degrees Incorporated 81
7.2 APX Incorporated 81
7.3 Baker & McKenzie 81
7.4 Blue Source 81
7.5 CantorCO2e 81
7.6 Climate Focus 82
7.7 Credit Suisse 82
7.8 EcoSecurities Group 82
7.9 Equator LLC 82
7.10 MGM International 82
7.11 Natsource 83
7.12 RNK Capital LLC 83
7.13 Sterling Planet, Incorporated 83
7.14 Tradition Financial Services/TFS Energy/TFS Green 83
7.15 TUV SUD America 83

8 Appendix 84
8.1 Abbreviations 84
8.2 Methodology 85
8.2.1 Coverage 86
8.2.2 Secondary Research 86
8.2.3 Primary Research 87
8.2.4 Expert Panel Validation 87
8.3 Contact Us 87
8.4 Disclaimer 87

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